Der »Leitfaden der Pollenbestimmung« deckt als erstes Werk für die Pollenbestimmung das Gesamtgebiet der Flora Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen ab. Zusätzlich wurden wichtige Arten aus Süd-, West- und Nord-Europa berücksichtigt. Das Buch ist für das gesamte europäische Eiszeitalter (Quartär) und für die Endphase des Tertiärs (Pliozän) zur Benutzung ausgelegt.

Die Untersuchung von 2500 Pflanzenarten ergab 586 bestimmbare Pollentypen. Das Buch enthält umfangreiche Bestimmungsschlüssel und ausführliche Beschreibungen für die einzelnen Pollentypen, die auf 120 ganzseitigen Fototafeln bei meist 1000facher Vergrößerung dokumentiert sind.

Der Autor ist Professor für Palynologie an der Universität Göttingen und war bis zu seiner Pensionierung Direktor des Instituts für Palynologie und Quartärwissenschaften.

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Inhalt

1. Vorwort ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21

2. Einleitung …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23

2.1 Allgemeine Hinweise für die Benutzer ……………………………………………………………………………. 23

2.2 Die Göttinger Pollen-Referenzsammlung ………………………………………………………………………… 24

2.3 Herstellung der Pollenpräparate ……………………………………………………………………………………… 24

2.4 Mikroskopische Untersuchungen, Mikrofotografie ………………………………………………………… 25

2.5 Terminologie, Erläuterungen und Abkürzungen…………………………………………………………….. 26

2.6 Nomenklatur ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33

2.7 Die Einbeziehung von Pflanzensippen aus Südeuropa (inkl. Kleinasien und N-Afrika)

und aus den pliozänen Floren Mitteleuropas ………………………………………………………………….. 34

2.8 Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Skulpturtypen …………………………………………………………………. 36

2.9 Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Pollenklassen ………………………………………………………………….. 38

3. Polyadeae……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41

4. Tetradeae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 41

4.1 Catalpa ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43

4.2 Drosera ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 43

4.2.1 Drosera rotundifolia-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………… 43

4.2.2 Drosera intermedia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43

4.3 Juncaceae ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43

4.4 Periploca ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43

4.5 Spiranthes ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44

4.6 Aldrovanda vesiculosa ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44

4.7 Ericaceae-Empetrum-Gruppe ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 44

4.7.1 Arctostaphylos alpina ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44

4.7.2 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44

4.7.3 Arbutus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 46

4.7.4 Calluna vulgaris ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46

4.7.5 Empetrum/Ledum …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46

4.7.6 Moneses uniflora ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48

4.7.7 Sammelgruppe Vaccinium-Typ………………………………………………………………………………… 48

4.8 Chimaphila umbellata …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49

4.9 Typha latifolia-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49

4.10 Epipactis-Gruppe …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50

4.10.1 Listera cordata ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50

4.10.2 Epipactis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50

4.10.3 Neottia-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 51

5. Dyadeae ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51

5.1 Scheuchzeria palustris ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 51

6. Vesiculatae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51

6.1 Tsuga …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51

6.1.1 Tsuga diversifolia-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 54

6.1.2 Tsuga candensis-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54

6.2 Picea ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 54

6.3 Pinus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55

6.3.1 Pinus cembra-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57

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6.3.2 Pinus sylvestris-Typ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57

6.4 Keteleeria davidiana ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 59

6.5 Abies …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 59

6.6 Cedrus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 61

7. Inaperturatae inkl. Polyplicatae ………………………………………………………………………………. 61

7.1 Thesium …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 62

7.2 Ephedra ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64

7.2.1 Ephedra distachya-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 64

7.2.2 Ephedra fragilis-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64

7.2.3 Ephedra foliata-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 65

7.3 Cryptomeria-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 65

7.4 Juniperus-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 66

7.4.1 Juniperus communis-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………… 66

7.4.2 Juniperus excelsa-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 68

7.4.3 Cunninghamia-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 68

7.5 Larix, Pseudotsuga ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 68

7.6 Arum…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 68

7.7 Aristolochia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 68

7.8 Populus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 69

7.9 Taxus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 69

7.10 Asarum europaeum …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 69

7.11 Crocus vernus-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 69

7.12 Elodea ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70

7.13 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 70

7.14 Smilax ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 70

7.15 Laurus, Cinnamomum ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70

7.16 Ruppia maritima ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70

7.17 Callitriche obtusangula ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71

7.18 Triglochin …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71

7.19 Callitriche stagnalis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71

7.20 Potamogeton natans-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 72

7.21 Potamogeton pectinatus-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 72

8. Monoporatae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73

8.1 Nymphaea ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73

8.2 Poaceae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74

8.2.1 Zea mays ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 81

8.2.2 Hordeum-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 81

8.2.3 Secale ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 82

8.2.4 Lygeum spartum ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 82

8.2.5 Avena-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 84

8.2.6 Triticum-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 84

8.2.7 Panicum-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86

Das Hirse-Problem …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86

Anwendungsbeispiele der Getreide-Pollenanalyse ……………………………………………….. 86

8.2.8 Wildgras-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87

8.2.8.1 Hordeum-TypW……………………………………………………………………………………………. 87

8.2.8.2 Triticum-TypW …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 89

8.2.8.3 Panicum-TypW ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 90

8.2.8.4 Avena-TypW ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 90

8.3 Lemnaceae ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 91

8.4 Sparganium-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91

8.5 Cephalanthera-Typ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 92

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9. Monocolpatae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 92

9.1 Asphodelus-Gruppe …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 98

9.1.1 Asphodelus fistulosus ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 98

9.1.2 Asphodeline lutea ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 98

9.1.3 Asphodelus albus-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 98

9.2 Welwitschia mirabilis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 98

9.3 Sciadopitys verticillata ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 99

9.4 Magnoliaceae ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 99

9.4.1 Liriodendron tulipifera ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 99

9.4.2 Magnolia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 99

9.5 Iris pumila-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 99

9.6 Nuphar ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100

9.7 Stratiotes aloides ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 100

9.8 Pancratium ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 100

9.9 Anthericum ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 100

9.10 Lilium ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 101

9.11 Paradisia liliastrum …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 101

9.12 Hemerocallis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 101

9.13 Iris germanica-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 102

9.14 Muscari ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 102

9.14.1 Muscari neglectum-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………. 102

9.14.2 Muscari comosum-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 102

9.15 Polygonatum verticillatum ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 102

9.16 Asparagus acutifolius ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 103

9.17 Ornithogalum umbellatum-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………… 103

9.18 Erythronium dens-canis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 103

9.19 Fritillaria …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 104

9.20 Lloydia serotina ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104

9.21 Iris pseudacorus-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104

9.22 Butomus umbellatus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 106

9.23 Veratrum ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 106

9.24 Gagea-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 106

9.25 Narcissus poeticus-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 106

9.26 Acorus calamus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 107

9.27 Gladiolus-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 107

9.28 Sisyrinchium bermudiana …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 107

9.29 Leucojum-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 108

9.30 Allium vineale-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 108

9.31 Iris humilis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108

9.32 Majanthemum-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 108

9.33 Asparagus officinalis-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 109

9.34 Narthecium ossifragum …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109

9.35 Convallaria-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109

9.36 Allium ursinum-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110

9.37 Ginkgo biloba ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 110

9.38 Polygonatum odoratum-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 110

10. Syncolpatae……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 111

10.1 Berberis vulgaris …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 114

10.2 Crocus biflorus-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 114

10.3 Aphyllanthes monspeliensis …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 114

10.4 Eriocaulon septangulare ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 114

10.5 Simethis planifolia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 115

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10.6 Mahonia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115

10.7 Pseudofumaria lutea (syn. Corydalis lutea) ……………………………………………………………………… 115

10.8 Anarrhinum bellidifolium ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 115

10.9 Pedicularis palustris-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 115

10.10 Nymphoides peltata ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 116

10.11 Pedicularis verticillata-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………… 116

10.12 Loranthus europaeus …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 116

10.13 Myrtus communis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 117

10.14 Primula farinosa-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 117

11. Dicolpatae ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 117

11.1 Tamus communis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 118

11.2 Chamaerops humilis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 118

11.3 Calla palustris ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 118

11.4 Tofieldia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 118

11.5 Hypecoum pendulum ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 120

11.6 Cypripedium calceolus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120

12. Dicolporatae ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120

12.1 Tordylium maximum ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120

13. Tricolpatae.

PK mit psilaten, scabraten, verrucaten oder microverrucaten Skulpturen ………………………. 121

13.1 Morina persica ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 126

13.2 Trapa natans ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 126

13.3 Adonis aestivalis-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 128

13.4 Aconitum-Gruppe …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 128

13.4.1 Aquilegia-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 128

13.4.2 Aconitum-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 129

13.4.3 Consolida-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 129

13.5 Polycarpon tetraphyllum ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 129

13.6 Comandra elegans ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 129

13.7 Sanguisorba minor-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 130

13.8 Sanguisorba dodecandra …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 130

13.9 Convolvulus arvensis-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 130

13.10 Valerianella ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 131

13.11 Alchemilla-Gruppe ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 131

13.11.1 Aphanes arvensis-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………… 131

13.11.2 Alchemilla pentaphyllea-Typ …………………………………………………………………………….. 131

13.12 Polygonum alpinum ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 132

13.13 Melampyrum ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 132

13.14 Helleborus niger …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 134

13.15 Spergularia-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 134

13.16 Cuscuta europaea-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 136

13.17 Myricaria germanica …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 136

13.18 Viola odorata-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 136

13.19 Rhinanthus-Gruppe …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 138

13.19.1 Rhinanthus-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 138

13.19.2 Veronica-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 139

13.20 Vinca minor …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140

13.21 Monotropa hypopitys ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 142

13.22 Lamium album-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 142

13.23 Teucrium ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 142

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13.23.1 Teucrium botrys ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 142

13.23.2 Teucrium chamaedrys-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………….. 142

13.24 Saxifraga hirculus-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 143

13.25 Quercus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 143

13.25.1 Quercus robur-pubescens-Typ ………………………………………………………………………….. 144

13.25.2 Quercus cerris-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 144

13.25.3 Quercus ilex-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 145

13.26 Cimicifuga foetida …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 145

13.27 Oxalis acetosella …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 145

13.28 Garidella nigellastrum ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 146

13.29 Nigella …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 146

13.30 Eranthis hyemalis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 146

13.31 Hepatica nobilis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 148

13.32 Ranunculus acris-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 148

13.33 Globularia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 151

13.34 Adonis vernalis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 152

13.35 Caltha-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 152

13.36 Papaver rhoeas-Gruppe………………………………………………………………………………………………… 154

13.36.1 Papaver rhoeas-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………. 154

13.36.2 Meconopsis cambrica ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 154

14. Tricolporatae.

PK mit psilaten, scabraten, verrucaten oder microverrucaten Skulpturen …………………………. 155

14.1 Onosma …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 160

14.2 Cyclamen europaeum ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 160

14.3 Nicandra physalodes ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 162

14.4 Verbena officinalis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 162

14.5 Symplocos ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 162

14.6 Hippophaë rhamnoides ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 163

14.7 Shepherdia argentea ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 163

14.8 Elaeagnus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 163

14.9 (Bistorta-) Polygonum bistorta-Typ…………………………………………………………………………………. 163

14.9.1 Bistorta officinalis ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 163

14.9.2 Bistorta vivipara ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 163

14.10 Xanthium strumarium-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 164

14.11 Apiaceae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 164

14.11.1 Turgenia latifolia ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 170

14.11.2 Heracleum sphondylium …………………………………………………………………………………… 170

14.11.3 Tordylium apulum ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 170

14.11.4 Caucalis platycarpos-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………. 170

14.11.5 Pimpinella saxifraga …………………………………………………………………………………………. 172

14.11.6 Conium-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 172

14.11.7 Orlaya grandiflora ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 173

14.11.8 Oenanthe fistulosa ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 173

14.11.9 Astrantia-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 173

14.11.10 Cicuta virosa ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 173

14.11.11 Sammelgruppe …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 173

14.11.12 Eryngium ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 176

14.11.13 Trochiscanthes nodiflorus ………………………………………………………………………………… 177

14.11.14 Berula erecta-Gruppe …………………………………………………………………………………….. 177

. . 14.10.14.1 Sison amomum, Trinia kitaibelii …………………………………………………….. 177

. . 14.11.14.2 Berula erecta, Sium sisarum ………………………………………………………….. 177

14.11.15 Anthriscus cerefolium …………………………………………………………………………………….. 177

14.11.16 Pimpinella major-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………….. 178

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14.11.17 Scandix pecten-veneris ……………………………………………………………………………………. 178

14.11.18 Daucus-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 178

14.11.19 Bifora-Typ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 180

14.11.20 Bupleurum, Grafia, Molopospermum ………………………………………………………………. 180

14.11.21 Ligusticum mutellina-Typ………………………………………………………………………………. 182

14.11.22 Hydrocotyle vulgaris ………………………………………………………………………………………. 184

14.11.23 Pleurospermum, Smyrnium, Laserpitium nitidum ……………………………………………. 184

. . 14.11.23.1 Pleurospermum austriacum …………………………………………………………… 184

. . 14.11.23.2 Smyrnium olusatrum ……………………………………………………………………. 184

. . 14.11.23.3 Laserpitium nitidum ……………………………………………………………………… 184

14.11.24 Levisticum-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 186

14.12 Lycopsis arvensis-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 186

14.13 Artemisia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 188

14.14 Centaurea cyanus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 190

14.15 Centaurea montana-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 190

14.16 Centaurea scabiosa-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 190

14.17 Fallopia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 191

14.18 Polygonum aviculare-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 191

14.19 Anthyllis vulneraria ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 191

14.20 Ornithopus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 192

14.21 Capsicum-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 192

14.22 Solanum dulcamara ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 194

14.23 Solanum nigrum-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 194

14.24 Filipendula …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 194

14.25 Bruckenthalia spiculifolia ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 196

14.26 Castanea ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 196

14.27 Androsace alpina-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 196

14.28 Dorycnium …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197

14.29 Lotus, Tetragonolobus …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197

14.29.1 Lotus-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 198

14.29.2 Tetragonolobus-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………. 198

14.30 Nyssa …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 198

14.31 Frangula alnus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 198

14.32 Shepherdia canadensis …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 198

14.33 Cyclamen hederifolium ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 200

14.34 Eucommia ulmoides ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 200

14.35 Fagus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 200

15. Tricolporoidatae.

PK mit psilaten, scabraten, verrucaten oder microverrucaten Skulpturen ………………………. 201

15.1 Cornus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 203

15.1.1 Cornus sanguinea ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 203

15.1.2 Cornus mas-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 203

15.2 Scopolia carniolica ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 204

15.3 Gratiola officinalis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 204

15.4 Mercurialis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 204

15.4.1 Mercurialis perennis-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………….. 204

15.4.2 Mercurialis annua ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 206

15.5 Styrax officinalis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 206

15.6 Elatine …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 206

15.7 Medicago sativa-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 207

15.8 Diospyros ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 207

15.9 Sammelgruppe …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 207

15.9.1 Erinus alpinus …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 208

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15.9.2 Soldanella-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 208

15.9.3 Actinidia-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 210

15.9.4 Orthilia secunda ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 210

15.9.5 Punica granatum ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 210

16. Tricolpatae, Tricolporoidatae und Tricolporatae.

PK mit clavaten, baculaten, verrucaten oder gemmaten Skulpturen ………………………………. 211

16.1 Geranium ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 211

16.2 Ilex aquifolium ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 214

16.3 Viscum album ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 214

16.4 Rubus chamaemorus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 214

16.5 Radiola linoides ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 214

16.6 Linum ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 216

16.5.1 Linum usitatissimum-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………… 218

16.5.2 Linum alpinum-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 218

16.5.3 Linum tenuifolium-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 218

17. Tricolpatae, Tricolporoidatae und Tricolporatae.

PK mit echinaten Skulpturen ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 220

17.1 Asteraceae p.p. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 222

17.1.1 Crupina ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 224

17.1.2 Centaurea alpina-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 226

17.1.3 Carthamus-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 226

17.1.4 Xanthium spinosum-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………….. 226

17.1.5 Echinops ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 226

17.1.6 Matricaria-Typ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 226

17.1.7 Cirsium ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 228

17.1.8 Saussurea-Typ…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 229

17.1.9 Staehelina dubia ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 230

17.1.10 Centaurea jacea-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 230

17.1.11 Carduus-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 230

17.1.12 Senecio-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 231

17.2 Valeriana officinalis-Gruppe…………………………………………………………………………………………… 236

17.2.1 Valeriana officinalis-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………… 236

17.2.2 Valeriana montana-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 236

17.3 Valeriana dioica-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 237

17.4 Dipsacaceae p.p. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 237

17.4.1 Dipsacus, Cephalaria …………………………………………………………………………………………… 240

17.4.2 Succisa-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 240

17.4.3 Scabiosa columbaria-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………… 240

17.5 Centhrantus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 242

17.6 Valeriana elongata-Gruppe …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 242

17.6.1 Valeriana saxatilis-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………… 242

17.6.2 Valeriana elongata ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 242

17.6.3 Valeriana celtica ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 242

17.7 Lonicera …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244

17.7.1 Lonicera periclymenum-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………… 244

17.7.2 Lonicera xylosteum-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………. 244

17.8 Linnaea borealis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 244

18. Tricolpatae. PK mit striaten, striat-reticulaten oder rugulaten Skulpturen ………………… 246

18.1 Erodium ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 248

18.2 Trollius europaeus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 248

18.3 Saxifraga aizoides-Gruppe ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 249

14

18.3.1 Saxifraga cuneifolia-Typ………………………………………………………………………………………. 249

18.3.2 Saxifraga caesia-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 249

18.3.3 Saxifraga aizoides-Typ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 249

18.4 Acer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 250

19. Tricolporatae. PK mit striaten, striat-reticulaten oder rugulaten Skulpturen ……………. 252

19.1 Coronilla-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 254

19.2 Aesculus hippocastanum …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 255

19.3 Aesculus octandra ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 255

19.4 Rhus-Gruppe ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 255

19.4.1 Rhus toxidendron-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………. 256

19.4.2 Rhus coriaria-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 256

19.4.3 Cotinus coggyria …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 256

19.4.4 Ailanthus altissima ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 256

19.5 Hyoscyamus albus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 256

19.6 Helianthemum oelandicum-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………. 258

19.7 Helianthemum nummularium-Gruppe …………………………………………………………………………… 258

19.7.1 Helianthemum nummularium-Typ ………………………………………………………………………. 260

19.7.2 Helianthemum salicifolium-Typ …………………………………………………………………………… 260

19.8 Blackstonia-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 260

19.9 Swertia perennis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 260

19.10 Gentiana pneumonanthe-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………… 262

19.11 Tuberaria-Gruppe ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 264

19.11.1 Tuberaria guttata ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 264

19.11.2 Helianthemum umbellatum ………………………………………………………………………………. 264

19.12 Cneorum tricoccon ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 264

20. Tricolporoidatae. PK mit striaten, striat-reticulaten oder rugulaten Skulpturen ……… 265

20.1 Sedum-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 266

20.2 Datura stramonium ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 270

20.3 Menyanthes trifoliata ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 270

20.4 Agrimonia-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 270

20.5 Potentilla-Typ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 271

20.6 Rosa ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 273

20.7 Lomatogonium ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 274

20.8 Atropa bella-donna …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 274

20.9 Nicotiana ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 276

20.10 Arcuncus-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 276

20.11 Geum-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 278

20.12 Sorbus-Gruppe ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 278

21. Tricolpatae.

PK mit reticulaten (per- oder suprareticulaten) oder microreticulaten Skulpturen ………… 286

21.1 Sideritis montana …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 290

21.2 Odontites-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 291

21.3 Acanthus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 291

21.4 Onobrychis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 291

21.5 Hedysarum hedysaroides …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 292

21.6 Oxalis stricta-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 292

21.7 Parrotia persica ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 292

21.8 Helleborus viridis-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 292

21.9 Glaucium ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 294

15

21.10 Galeopsis-Ballota-Gruppe …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 294

21.10.1 Galeopsis-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 295

21.10.2 Ballota-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 295

21.11 Helleborus foetidus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 296

21.12 Reseda ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 296

21.13 Platanus orientalis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 296

21.14 Chelidonium majus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 298

21.15 Epimedium alpinum ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 298

21.16 Vitex agnus-castus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 298

21.17 Tamarix ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 298

21.18 Salix …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 300

21.19 Marrubium ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 301

21.20 Plumbaginaceae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 302

21.21 Jasminum fruticans ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 302

21.22 Ligustrum-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 304

21.23 Olea europaea ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 304

21.24 Hottonia palustris ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 304

21.25 Saxifraga stellaris-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 306

21.26 Fothergilla major ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 306

21.27 Brassicaceae ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 306

21.28 Fraxinus ornus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 315

21.29 Phillyrea ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 315

21.30 Corylopsis-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 315

21.31 Fraxinus excelsior-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 316

21.32 Hamamelis-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 316

22. Tricolporatae. PK mit reticulaten (per- oder suprareticulaten), microreticulaten

oder fossulaten Skulpturen…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 318

22.1 Tilia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 321

22.1.1 Tilia platyphyllos-Typ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 232

22.1.2 Tilia cordata-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 232

22.2 Cistus salviaefolius …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 324

22.3 Cistus monspeliensis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 324

22.4 Fumana …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 324

22.4.1 Fumana procumbens-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………….. 324

22.4.1 Fumana laevipes-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………… 326

22.5 Osyris alba …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 326

22.6 Hedera helix …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 326

22.7 Vitis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 328

22.8 Trientalis europaea ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 328

22.9 Rhamnus-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 330

22.10 Dictamnus albus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 330

22.11 Hyoscyamus niger ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 332

22.12 Bryonia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 332

22.13 Gentianella germanica-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………… 332

22.14 Cistus albidus-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 334

22.15 Parnassia palustris ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 335

22.16 Lysimachia vulgaris-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 335

22.17 Viburnum …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 336

22.17.1 Viburnum opulus-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………… 336

22.17.2 Viburnum lantana ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 336

22.18 Sterculia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 336

22.19 Styphylea pinnata …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 336

16

22.20 Echium ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 338

22.21 Rheum …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 338

22.22 Rumex acetosa-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 340

22.23 Rumex scutatus-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 342

22.24 Ruta graveolens ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 342

22.25 Ptelea trifoliata …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 342

22.26 Anagallis-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 342

22.27 Androsace maxima ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 343

22.28 Fagopyrum …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 343

22.29 Rumex tenuifolius-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 344

22.30 Hypericum elodes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 344

22.31 Fabaceae p.p. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 344

22.31.1 Galega officinalis ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 348

22.31.2 Cicer arietinum ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 348

22.31.3 Astragalus-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 348

22.31.4 Trifolium …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 351

. . 22.31.4.1 Trifolium pannonicum ………………………………………………………………………. 352

. . 22.31.4.2 Trifolium pratense-Typ …………………………………………………………………….. 352

. . 22.31.4.3 Trifolium alpestre-Typ ………………………………………………………………………. 352

. . 22.31.4.4 Trifolium indet. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 353

. . 22.31.4.5 Trifolium repens-Typ ………………………………………………………………………… 353

. . 22.31.4.6 Trifolium badium-Typ ………………………………………………………………………. 354

. . 22.31.4.7 Trifolium Sammelgruppe ………………………………………………………………… 354

22.31.5 Vicia-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 354

. . 22.31.5.1 Pisum sativum …………………………………………………………………………………. 356

. . 22.31.5.2 Vicia-Typ s.str. ………………………………………………………………………………… 356

22.31.6 Lathyrus-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 358

22.31.7 Lathyrus-Vicia-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 359

23. Tricolporoidatae. PK mit reticulaten (per- und suprareticulaten), microreticulaten

oder fossulaten Skulpturen…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 359

23.1 Sambucus nigra-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 362

23.2 Sambucus ebulus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 363

23.3 Adoxa moschatellina ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 363

23.4 Laburnum ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 363

23.5 Robinia pseudoacacia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 363

23.6 Lobelia dortmanna ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 364

23.7 Primula clusiana-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 364

23.8 Scrophulariaceae p.p. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 367

23.8.1 Chaenorrhinum minus …………………………………………………………………………………………. 367

23.8.2 Lindernia procumbens …………………………………………………………………………………………. 367

23.8.3 Verbascum ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 367

23.8.4 Linaria-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 367

23.8.5 Kickxia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 370

23.8.6 Antirrhinum-Typ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 370

23.8.7 Digitalis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 370

23.8.8 Scrophularia-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 370

23.9 Hypericum perforatum-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 371

23.10 Saxifraga hieraciifolia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 371

23.11 Euphorbia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 371

23.12 Genista-Gruppe …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 373

23.12.1 Spartium junceum …………………………………………………………………………………………… 374

23.12.2 Lupinus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 374

17

23.12.3 Medicago lupulina-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………. 376

23.12.4 Cytisus-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 376

23.12.5 Genista-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 378

23.13 Diapensia lapponica ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 378

23.14 Euonymus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 379

23.15 Paeonia officinalis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 379

23.16 Cercis siliquastrum ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 379

24. Stephanocolpatae………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 380

24.1 Euryale ferox ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 381

24.2 Arceuthobium oxycedri …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 381

24.3 Phacelia tanacetifolia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 382

24.4 Rubiaceae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 382

24.5 Lavandula angustifolia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 384

24.6 Sideritis hyssopifolia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 384

24.7 Mentha-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 386

24.8 Prunella-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 386

24.9 Salvia verticillata ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 387

24.10 Salvia pratensis-Gruppe ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 387

24.10.1 Salvia pratensis-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………… 387

24.10.2 Salvia officinalis-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 388

24.11 Impatiens ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 388

24.12 Hippuris vulgaris …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 388

24.13 Primula veris-Gruppe ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 388

24.13.1 Primula veris-Typ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 390

24.13.2 Primula halleri ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 390

25. Stephanocolporatae ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 392

25.1 Lithospermum officinale-Typ…………………………………………………………………………………………… 393

25.2 Cerinthe …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 393

25.3 Lithospermum arvense ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 393

25.4 Pulmonaria-Gruppe ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 394

25.4.1 Pulmonaria-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 394

25.4.2 Nonea pulla ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 394

25.5 Viola tricolor-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 394

25.6 Polygonum raii ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 395

25.7 Anthyllis montana-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 395

25.8 Nonea lutea ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 395

25.9 Citrus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 395

25.10 Ceratonia siliqua …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 396

25.11 Utricularia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 396

25.12 Polygala chamaebuxus ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 398

25.13 Polygala comosa-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 398

25.14 Pinguicula ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 400

25.15 Sanguisorba officinalis ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 400

25.16 Symphytum …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 402

25.17 Borago …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 402

26. Pericolpatae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 404

26.1 Koenigia islandica …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 405

26.2 Persicaria amphibia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 405

26.3 Cuscuta lupuliformis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 405

26.4 Cercidiphyllum ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 405

18

26.5 Montia fontana ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 405

26.6 Corydalis-Gruppe………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 406

26.6.1 Corydalis cava-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 408

26.6.2 Pseudofumaria alba-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………. 408

26.6.3 Corydalis pumila-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 408

26.6.4 Corydalis intermedia ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 408

26.7 Pulsatilla alpina ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 408

26.8 Cuscuta p.p. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 408

26.9 Spergula arvensis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 408

27. Pericolporatae ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 408

27.1 Rumex aquaticus-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 408

28. Heterocolpatae ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 409

28.1 Peplis portula …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 410

28.2 Myosotis discolor ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 410

28.3 Lythrum ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 410

28.4 Heliotropium europaeum ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 412

28.5 Cynoglossum …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 412

28.6 Eritrichum nanum …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 414

28.7 Lappula …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 414

28.8 Myosotis sylvatica-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 414

28.9 Mertensia maritima ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 414

28.10 Omphalodes-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 415

29. Fenestratae……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 415

29.1 Arnoseris minima …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 418

29.2 Lactuca-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 418

29.3 Sonchus-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 418

29.4 Crepis-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 419

29.5 Scorzonera humilis-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 420

29.6 Tragopogon …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 421

29.7 Scorzonera hispanica ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 421

29.8 Scorzonera laciniata-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 421

30. Diporatae………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 422

30.1 Colchicum-Gruppe ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 422

30.1.1 Colchicum alpinum ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 424

30.1.2 Colchicum autumnale ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 424

30.1.3 Bulbocodium vernum …………………………………………………………………………………………… 424

30.2 Callitriche palustris-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 424

30.3 Ficus carica ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 424

30.4 Cytinus hypocistis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 426

30.5 Itea ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 426

31. Triporatae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 426

31.1 Knautia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 428

31.2 Scabiosa graminifolia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 430

31.3 Scabiosa argentea ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 430

31.4 Phaseolus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 430

31.5 Cucumis melo ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 430

31.6 Oenothera biennis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 432

31.7 Epilobium ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 432

19

31.8 Ludwigia palustris ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 433

31.9 Circaea …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 433

31.10 Betula ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 433

31.11 Ostrya-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 434

31.12 Corrigiola litoralis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 434

31.13 Vicia lathyroides …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 434

31.14 Cucumis sativus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 436

31.15 Cannabinaceae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 436

31.16 Urticaceae, Moraceae …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 436

31.17 Carya …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 438

31.18 Engelhardia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 440

31.19 Platycarya strobilacea ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 440

31.20 Myrica gale ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 440

31.21 Corylus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 441

32. Stephanoporatae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 441

32.1 Theligonum cynocrambe …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 442

32.2 Juglans ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 442

32.3 Alnus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 444

32.4 Celtis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 446

32.5 Pterocarya fraxinifolia …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 446

32.6 Carpinus betulus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 446

32.7 Nerium oleander …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 448

32.8 Myriophyllum alterniflorum …………………………………………………………………………………………… 448

32.9 Myriophyllum spicatum …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 448

32.10 Myriophyllum verticillatum ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 448

32.11 Campanulaceae ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 449

32.11.1 Jasione montana-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 450

32.11.2 Legousia-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 450

32.11.3 Phyteuma-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 452

32.11.4 Campanula trachelium-Typ………………………………………………………………………………. 452

32.11.5 Campanula medium …………………………………………………………………………………………. 453

32.12 Pistacia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 453

32.13 Ulmus, Zelkova ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 453

33. Periporatae ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 454

33.1 Fumaria …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 456

33.2 Plantaginaceae ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 457

33.2.1 Litorella-Typ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 458

33.2.2 Plantago major-media-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………… 458

33.2.3 Plantago albicans ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 460

33.2.4 Plantago tenuifolia ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 460

33.2.5 Plantago lanceolata-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………. 460

33.2.6 Plantago coronopus-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………. 462

33.2.7 Plantago maritima-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 462

33.3 Ranunculus arvensis-Gruppe ………………………………………………………………………………………… 462

33.3.1 Ranunculus arvensis …………………………………………………………………………………………… 463

33.3.2 Ranunculus parviflorus ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 463

33.4 Sagittaria sagittifolia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 463

33.5 Cucurbita pepo ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 463

33.6 Malvaceae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 463

33.6.1 Malva neglecta-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 464

33.6.2 Malva sylvestris-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………… 464

33.6.3 Lavatera-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 464

20

33.7 Alisma-Gruppe ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 464

33.7.1 Alisma-Typ…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 466

33.7.2 Luronium natans …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 466

33.8 Caryophyllaceae p.p. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 466

33.8.1 Gypsophila repens-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………… 469

33.8.2 Scleranthus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 470

33.8.3 Stellaria holostea …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 470

33.8.4 Sagina apetala-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 470

33.8.5 Cerastium-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 472

33.8.6 Melandrium ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 474

33.8.7 Minuartia verna-Typ …………………………………………………………………………………………… 474

33.8.8 Agrostemma githago ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 476

33.8.9 Silene-Typ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 476

33.8.10 Petrorhagia prolifera ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 480

33.8.11 Dianthus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 480

33.8.12 Vaccaria hispanica ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 482

33.9 Chenopodiaceae p.p., Amaranthus ……………………………………………………………………………….. 482

33.10 Ribes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 487

33.11 Polemonium …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 488

33.11.1 Polemonium caeruleum …………………………………………………………………………………….. 488

33.11.2 Polemonium boreale …………………………………………………………………………………………. 488

33.12 Opuntia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 488

33.13 Thymelaeaceae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 490

33.13.1 Daphne ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 490

33.13.2 Thymelaea ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 490

33.14 Tribulus terrestris …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 490

33.15 Persicaria maculosa-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 492

33.16 Liquidambar …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 492

33.17 Buxus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 492

33.18 Cyperaceae …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 494

33.19 Herniaria, Paronychia, Illecebrum verticillatum ……………………………………………………………… 500

33.19.1 Illecebrum verticillatum ……………………………………………………………………………………. 500

33.19.2 Herniaria alpina ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 502

33.19.3 Herniaria glabra-Typ ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 502

33.20 Polycnemum ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 502

33.21 Calystegia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 504

33.22 Anemone coronaria ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 504

33.23 Caldesia parnassifolia ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 504

33.24 Papaver agremone ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 506

33.25 Thalictrum …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 506

33.26 Urtica pilulifera ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 506

34. Zitierte Literatur ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 507

35. Literatur zu den Pflanzenfamilien ……………………………………………………………………….. 510

36. Register……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 529