The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe

Dedication 5
RÖSSNER & HEISSIG: Preface 6
Table of content 7

The Continental European Miocene
1 STEININGER: Chronostratigraphy, Geochronology and Biochronology of the Miocene "European Land Mammal Mega-Zones (ELMMZ)" and the Miocene "Mammal-Zones (MN-Zones)" 9
2 MEIN: European Miocene Mammal Biochronology 25
3 RÖGL: Circum-Mediterranean Miocene Paleogeography 39

The European Miocene Land Mammals in Systematic Order
4 ZIEGLER: Order Marsupialia 49
5 ZIEGLER: Order Insectivora 53
6 VON KOENIGSWALD: Order Pholidota 75
7 STORCH: Order Chiroptera 81
8 KÖHLER, MOYÀ-SOLÀ & ANDREWS: Order Primates 91
9 GINSBURG: Order Creodonta 105
10 GINSBURG: Order Carnivora 109
11 SCMIDT-KITTLER: Subfamily Lophiocyoninae 149
12 HEISSIG: Order Tubulidentata 155
PDF 13 GÖHLICH: Order Proboscidea 157
14 HEISSIG: Superfamily Hyracoidea 169
15 HEISSIG: Family Tapiridae 171
16 HEISSIG: Family Rhinocerotidae 175
17 HEISSIG: Family Chalicotheriidae 189
18 BERNOR & ARMOUR-CHELU: Family Equidae 193
19 VAN DER MADE: Superfamily Hippopotamoidea 203
20 HÜNERMANN: Superfamily Suoidea 209
21 HEIZMANN: Family Cainotheriidae 217
22 VAN DER MADE & MORALES: Family Camelidae 221
23 GENTRY, RÖSSNER & HEIZMANN: Suborder Ruminantia 225
24 BOON-KRISTKOIZ: Order Lagomorpha 259
25 DE BRUIJN: Superfamily Ctenodactyloidea 263
26 MÖDDEN: Suborder Aplodontomorpha 267
27 DE BRUIJN: Superfamily Sciuroidea 271
28 HUGUENEY: Family Castoridae 281
29 DAAMS: Family Gliridae 301
30 ENGESSER: Family Eomyidae 319
31 DAXNER-HÖCK: Family Zapodidae 337
32 MÖDDEN: Family Melissiodontidae 343
33 HUGUENEY: Genera Eucricetodon and Pseudocricetodon 347
34 RUMMEL: Tribe Cricetodontini 359
35 FEJFAR: Microtoid Cricetids 365
36 KÄLIN: Tribe Cricetini 373
37 FEJFAR: Subfamily Platacanthomyinae 389
38 WESSELS: Family Gerbillidae 395
39 FREUDENTHAL & MARTIN SUAREZ: Family Muridae 401
40 BOLLIGER: Family Anomalomyidae 411
41 ÜNAY: Family Spalacidae 421
42 SEN: Family Hystricidae 427

Intercontinental Relationships and Island Faunas
43 MOYÀ-SOLÀ, QUINTANA, ALCOVER & KÖHLER: Endemic Island Faunas of the Mediterranean Miocene 435
44 QIU ZHANGXIANG, WU WENYU & QIU ZHUDING: Miocene Mammal Faunal Sequence of China: Palaeozoogeography and Eurasian Relationships 443
45 VAN DER MADE: Intercontinental Relationship Europe-Africa and the Indian Subcontinent 457
46 DAWSON: Bering Down: Miocene dispersals of land mammals between North America and Europe 473
Index of scientific and common names of mammals 485
Index of localities 505
Abbreviations of Institutions and Collections 514

The European Tertiary and the initial research on fossil mammals are closely related to Georges Cuvier's investigation of Tertiary quadrupeds of the Montmartre in the early 19th Century. He was the first who gave an impression of bygone mammal faunas appearing as something between strange and still familiar.

Since Cuvier's clear recognition of former time periods on earth, each with special faunas destroyed by succeeding catastrophes, collections of fossil mammals have increased immensey as well as our knowledge of them. Today, we have a reasonably detailed picture of mammalian faunas and their evolution in a comparatively precise chronological framework with a resolution of a million or even a hundred thousand years. This is the basis for further research on the European continental Tertiary in which the fossil record of the Miocene provides an important contribution. Especially during the last decades numerous mammal paleontologists have carried out extensive systematic studies of Miocene continental deposits. This has resulted in a continuous increase of informations about all groups of fossil mammals, so much so that even mammal paleontologists can hardly keep a general overview.

In this situation the idea was born to publish a special volume presenting the latest state of research on Miocene mammals of Europe. Particular attention was given to a complete documentation of all mammal groups occurring. Each chapter on a systematic group includes a general characterization and special aspects, as differentiation, evolution and ecology. It is complemented by a list of the fossil material including at least all valid species, type localities, ages, and the depositories of the types. The references are listed as clear as possible, and include preferably the more recent publications which also allow access to the older literature. In the same way the text focusses on the present knowledge rather than on historical aspects. Additional chapters deal with the chronology and paleobiogeography of the European Miocene as well as with the intercontinental relationships of its faunas. One chapter is devoted to the evolutionary history of island faunas.

Many specialists have been asked to submit contributions from their own subjects in order to realize this project. Consequently, the individual chapters reflect the personal style of each author. In this way differing scientific opinions on particular taxonomic problems may stand side by side in this volume. As mentioned above, the volume focusses on land mammal faunas of the European Miocene. However, in some cases inclusion of taxa from the Oligocene or Pliocene seemed to be appropriate, as well as from non-European localities. There are also differences in the format of the presentation of material data. It should be mentioned that tooth positions are indicated differently, reflecting the usual use in the individual groups. Generally, e.g. "M1", "M1" and "M1/" indicates an upper first molar, and e.g. "p3", "P3" and "P/3" a lower third premolar. Milk teeth are indicated as e.g. "DM" or "D" for upper teeth, respectively e.g. "dp" or "d" for lower teeth.

The abbreviations for the housing collections are used uniformly throughout the volume. The full institutional names are given at the end of the book.

The volume could not have been produced without the help of our colleagues, Dr. Winfried Werner, Dr. Ursula Göhlich, Dipl.-Geol. Markus Moser, Dr. Anne Lagally, Dr. Peter Wellnhofer, (all Munich), and Dr. Alan Gentry (London). Special thanks are due to them all. From the beginning, the publisher, Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, supported this project and performed an excellent job.

Antonio ALCOVER, Ciutat de Mallorca, Balears, Spain
Peter ANDREWS, London, United Kingdom
Miranda ARMOUR-CHELU, Martinsville, U.S.A.
Raymond L. BERNOR, Washington D. C., U.S.A.
Thomas BOLLIGER, Zürich, Switzerland
Ellen BOON-KRISTKOIZ, Starnberg, Germany
Hans DE BRUIJN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Remmert DAAMS, Madrid, Spain
Mary R. DAWSON, Pittsburgh, USA
Gudrun DAXNER-HÖCK, Wien, Austria
Burkart ENGESSER, Basel, Switzerland
Oldrich FEJFAR, Praha, Czech Republik
Matthijs FREUDENTHAL, Leiden, The Netherlands
Alan W. GENTRY, London, United Kingdom
Leonard GINSBURG, Paris, France
Ursula B. GÖHLICH, München, Germany
Kurt HEISSIG, München, Germany
Elmar P. J. HEIZMANN, Stuttgart, Germany
Karl Alban HÜNERMANN, Mellingen, Switzerland
Marguerite HUGUENEY, Villeurbanne, France
Daniel KÄLIN, Basel, Switzerland
Meike KÖHLER, Sabadell, Spain
Wighart VON KOENIGSWALD, Bonn, Germany
Andor R. KRISTKOIZ, Starnberg, Germany
Jan VAN DER MADE, Madrid, Spain
Elvira MARTÍN SUÁREZ, Granada, Spain
Pierre MEIN, Villeurbanne, France
Clemens MÖDDEN, Mainz, Germany
Jorge MORALES, Madrid, Spain
Salvador MOYÀ-SOLÀ, Sabadell, Spain
QIU ZHANXIANG, Beijing, China
QIU ZUDING, Beijing, China
Josep QUINTANA, Sabadell, Spain
Fred RÖGL, Wien, Austria
Gertrud E. RÖSSNER, München, Germany
Michael RUMMEL, Weißenburg, Germany
Norbert SCHMIDT-KITTLER, Mainz, Germany
Sevket SEN, Paris, France
Friedrich STEININGER, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Gerhard STORCH, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Engin ÜNAY, Ankara, Turkey
Wilma WESSELS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
WENYU WU, Beijing, China
Reinhard ZIEGLER, Stuttgart, Germany